Journal Description
Antioxidants
Antioxidants
is an international, peer-reviewed, open access journal, published monthly online by MDPI. The International Coenzyme Q10 Association (ICQ10A), Israel Society for Oxygen and Free Radical Research (ISOFRR) and European Academy for Molecular Hydrogen Research (EAMHR) are affiliated with Antioxidants and their members receive discounts on the article processing charge.
- Open Access— free for readers, with article processing charges (APC) paid by authors or their institutions.
- High Visibility: indexed within Scopus, SCIE (Web of Science), PubMed, PMC, FSTA, PubAg, CAPlus / SciFinder, and other databases.
- Journal Rank: JCR - Q1 (Food Science & Technology) / CiteScore - Q1 (Food Science)
- Rapid Publication: manuscripts are peer-reviewed and a first decision is provided to authors approximately 13.9 days after submission; acceptance to publication is undertaken in 2.6 days (median values for papers published in this journal in the second half of 2023).
- Recognition of Reviewers: reviewers who provide timely, thorough peer-review reports receive vouchers entitling them to a discount on the APC of their next publication in any MDPI journal, in appreciation of the work done.
- Testimonials: See what our editors and authors say about Antioxidants.
- Companion journal: Oxygen.
Impact Factor:
7.0 (2022);
5-Year Impact Factor:
7.3 (2022)
Latest Articles
NLRX1 Inhibits LPS-Induced Microglial Death via Inducing p62-Dependent HO-1 Expression, Inhibiting MLKL and Activating PARP-1
Antioxidants 2024, 13(4), 481; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox13040481 (registering DOI) - 17 Apr 2024
Abstract
The activation of microglia and the production of cytokines are key factors contributing to progressive neurodegeneration. Despite the well-recognized neuronal programmed cell death regulated by microglial activation, the death of microglia themselves is less investigated. Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain, leucine-rich repeat-containing X1 (NLRX1) functions
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The activation of microglia and the production of cytokines are key factors contributing to progressive neurodegeneration. Despite the well-recognized neuronal programmed cell death regulated by microglial activation, the death of microglia themselves is less investigated. Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain, leucine-rich repeat-containing X1 (NLRX1) functions as a scaffolding protein and is involved in various central nervous system diseases. In this study, we used the SM826 microglial cells to understand the role of NLRX1 in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced cell death. We found LPS-induced cell death is blocked by necrostatin-1 and zVAD. Meanwhile, LPS can activate poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) to reduce DNA damage and induce heme oxygenase (HO)-1 expression to counteract cell death. NLRX1 silencing and PARP-1 inhibition by olaparib enhance LPS-induced SM826 microglial cell death in an additive manner. Less PARylation and higher DNA damage are observed in NLRX1-silencing cells. Moreover, LPS-induced HO-1 gene and protein expression through the p62-Keap1-Nrf2 axis are attenuated by NLRX1 silencing. In addition, the Nrf2-mediated positive feedback regulation of p62 is accordingly reduced by NLRX1 silencing. Of note, NLRX1 silencing does not affect LPS-induced cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production but increases mixed lineage kinase domain-like pseudokinase (MLKL) activation and cell necroptosis. In addition, NLRX1 silencing blocks bafilomycin A1-induced PARP-1 activation. Taken together, for the first time, we demonstrate the role of NLRX1 in protecting microglia from LPS-induced cell death. The underlying protective mechanisms of NLRX1 include upregulating LPS-induced HO-1 expression via Nrf2-dependent p62 expression and downstream Keap1-Nrf2 axis, mediating PARP-1 activation for DNA repair via ROS- and autophagy-independent pathway, and reducing MLKL activation.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oxidative Stress and Nrf2-Mediated Cellular Inflammation)
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Open AccessArticle
Impact of Adherence to the Mediterranean Diet on Antioxidant Status and Metabolic Parameters in NAFLD Patients: A 24-Month Lifestyle Intervention Study
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Maria Magdalena Quetglas-Llabrés, Margalida Monserrat-Mesquida, Cristina Bouzas, Silvia García, Emma Argelich, Miguel Casares, Lucía Ugarriza, Isabel Llompart, Josep A. Tur and Antoni Sureda
Antioxidants 2024, 13(4), 480; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox13040480 (registering DOI) - 17 Apr 2024
Abstract
Background: The Mediterranean Diet (MedDiet) is recognized as a healthy dietary pattern. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is characterized by the excessive accumulation of fat in the liver. Objectives: To assess the antioxidant status in erythrocytes, plasma, and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs)
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Background: The Mediterranean Diet (MedDiet) is recognized as a healthy dietary pattern. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is characterized by the excessive accumulation of fat in the liver. Objectives: To assess the antioxidant status in erythrocytes, plasma, and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of NAFLD patients following a 24-month lifestyle intervention based on the MedDiet. Adult patients (n = 40; aged 40–60 years) diagnosed with NAFLD by magnetic resonance imaging were divided into two groups based on their adherence to the MedDiet. Consumption was assessed using a validated 143-item semiquantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire. Anthropometrics, biochemistry parameters, intrahepatic fat contents (IFC), antioxidants, and inflammatory biomarkers were measured in plasma and erythrocytes before and after the intervention. Results: After the intervention, body mass index (BMI) and plasma levels of total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-chol), triglycerides, malondialdehyde (MDA), and cytokeratin-18 (CK18) decreased, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-chol) increased. Participants with high adherence to MedDiet showed lower IFC, hepatic enzyme (AST, ALT, and GGT), glycemia, oxidase LDL (oxLDL) plasma levels, and erythrocyte MDA levels. Higher antioxidant activity (erythrocyte catalase-CAT, superoxide dismutase-SOD, glutathione peroxidase-GPx, glutathione reductase-GRd, and total glutathione-GSH as well as PBMCs-CAT gene expression) was observed in these patients, along with a reduction of PBMCs reactive oxygen species production and Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) expression. Inverse associations were observed between adherence to the MedDiet and BMI, glycemia, AST, IFC, and CK18 plasma levels and oxLDL, CAT, SOD, and GRd activities in erythrocytes. A significant linear regression was observed between adherence to the MedDiet and antioxidant score. Conclusions: Adherence to the MedDiet is associated with improved plasma and PBMC antioxidant and inflammatory biomarker profiles and high antioxidant defences in erythrocytes.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Oxidative Stress in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease)
Open AccessReview
Advances in Research on the Activity Evaluation, Mechanism and Structure−Activity Relationships of Natural Antioxidant Peptides
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Baoting Xu, Qin Dong, Changxia Yu, Hongyu Chen, Yan Zhao, Baosheng Zhang, Panling Yu and Mingjie Chen
Antioxidants 2024, 13(4), 479; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox13040479 - 17 Apr 2024
Abstract
Antioxidant peptides are a class of biologically active peptides with low molecular weights and stable antioxidant properties that are isolated from proteins. In this review, the progress in research on the activity evaluation, action mechanism, and structure–activity relationships of natural antioxidant peptides are
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Antioxidant peptides are a class of biologically active peptides with low molecular weights and stable antioxidant properties that are isolated from proteins. In this review, the progress in research on the activity evaluation, action mechanism, and structure–activity relationships of natural antioxidant peptides are summarized. The methods used to evaluate antioxidant activity are mainly classified into three categories: in vitro chemical, in vitro cellular, and in vivo animal methods. Also, the biological effects produced by these three methods are listed: the scavenging of free radicals, chelation of metal ions, inhibition of lipid peroxidation, inhibition of oxidative enzyme activities, and activation of antioxidant enzymes and non−enzymatic systems. The antioxidant effects of natural peptides primarily consist of the regulation of redox signaling pathways, which includes activation of the Nrf2 pathway and the inhibition of the NF−κB pathway. The structure‒activity relationships of the antioxidant peptides are investigated, including the effects of peptide molecular weight, amino acid composition and sequence, and secondary structure on antioxidant activity. In addition, three computer−assisted methods (molecular docking, quantum chemical calculations, and the determination of quantitative structure‒activity relationships) for analyzing the structure–activity effects of natural peptides are summarized. Thus, this review lays a theoretical foundation for the development of new antioxidants, nutraceuticals, and cosmetics.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Antioxidants and Cosmetics—2nd Edition)
Open AccessArticle
Bipiperidinyl Derivatives of Cannabidiol Enhance Its Antiproliferative Effects in Melanoma Cells
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Peihong Lyu, Huifang Li, Junzhao Wan, Ying Chen, Zhen Zhang, Panpan Wu, Yinsheng Wan, Navindra P. Seeram, Jean Christopher Chamcheu, Chang Liu and Hang Ma
Antioxidants 2024, 13(4), 478; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox13040478 - 17 Apr 2024
Abstract
Cannabis and its major cannabinoid cannabidiol (CBD) are reported to exhibit anticancer activity against skin tumors. However, the cytotoxic effects of other minor cannabinoids and synthetic CBD derivatives in melanoma are not fully elucidated. Herein, the antiproliferative activity of a panel of phytocannabinoids
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Cannabis and its major cannabinoid cannabidiol (CBD) are reported to exhibit anticancer activity against skin tumors. However, the cytotoxic effects of other minor cannabinoids and synthetic CBD derivatives in melanoma are not fully elucidated. Herein, the antiproliferative activity of a panel of phytocannabinoids was screened against murine (B16F10) and human (A375) melanoma cells. CBD was the most cytotoxic natural cannabinoid with respective IC50 of 28.6 and 51.6 μM. Further assessment of the cytotoxicity of synthetic CBD derivatives in B16F10 cells identified two bipiperidinyl group-bearing derivatives (22 and 34) with enhanced cytotoxicity (IC50 = 3.1 and 8.5 μM, respectively). Furthermore, several cell death assays including flow cytometric (for apoptosis and ferroptosis) and lactate dehydrogenase (for pyroptosis) assays were used to characterize the antiproliferative activity of CBD and its bipiperidinyl derivatives. The augmented cytotoxicity of 22 and 34 in B16F10 cells was attributed to their capacity to promote apoptosis (as evidenced by increased apoptotic population). Taken together, this study supports the notion that CBD and its derivatives are promising lead compounds for cannabinoid-based interventions for melanoma management.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Natural Antioxidants: Multiple Mechanisms for Skin Protection)
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Open AccessArticle
Single-Cell Profiling Reveals Immune-Based Mechanisms Underlying Tumor Radiosensitization by a Novel Mn Porphyrin Clinical Candidate, MnTnBuOE-2-PyP5+ (BMX-001)
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Sun Up Noh, Jinyeong Lim, Sung-Won Shin, Yeeun Kim, Woong-Yang Park, Ines Batinic-Haberle, Changhoon Choi and Won Park
Antioxidants 2024, 13(4), 477; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox13040477 - 17 Apr 2024
Abstract
Manganese porphyrins reportedly exhibit synergic effects when combined with irradiation. However, an in-depth understanding of intratumoral heterogeneity and immune pathways, as affected by Mn porphyrins, remains limited. Here, we explored the mechanisms underlying immunomodulation of a clinical candidate, MnTnBuOE-2-PyP5+ (BMX-001, MnBuOE), using
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Manganese porphyrins reportedly exhibit synergic effects when combined with irradiation. However, an in-depth understanding of intratumoral heterogeneity and immune pathways, as affected by Mn porphyrins, remains limited. Here, we explored the mechanisms underlying immunomodulation of a clinical candidate, MnTnBuOE-2-PyP5+ (BMX-001, MnBuOE), using single-cell analysis in a murine carcinoma model. Mice bearing 4T1 tumors were divided into four groups: control, MnBuOE, radiotherapy (RT), and combined MnBuOE and radiotherapy (MnBuOE/RT). In epithelial cells, the epithelial–mesenchymal transition, TNF-α signaling via NF-кB, angiogenesis, and hypoxia-related genes were significantly downregulated in the MnBuOE/RT group compared with the RT group. All subtypes of cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) were clearly reduced in MnBuOE and MnBuOE/RT. Inhibitory receptor–ligand interactions, in which epithelial cells and CAFs interacted with CD8+ T cells, were significantly lower in the MnBuOE/RT group than in the RT group. Trajectory analysis showed that dendritic cells maturation-associated markers were increased in MnBuOE/RT. M1 macrophages were significantly increased in the MnBuOE/RT group compared with the RT group, whereas myeloid-derived suppressor cells were decreased. CellChat analysis showed that the number of cell–cell communications was the lowest in the MnBuOE/RT group. Our study is the first to provide evidence for the combined radiotherapy with a novel Mn porphyrin clinical candidate, BMX-001, from the perspective of each cell type within the tumor microenvironment.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Natural and Synthetic Antioxidants)
Open AccessArticle
Porcine Brain Enzyme Hydrolysate Enhances Immune Function and Antioxidant Defense via Modulation of Gut Microbiota in a Cyclophosphamide-Induced Immunodeficiency Model
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Yu Yue, Hye Jeong Yang, Ting Zhang, Chen Li, Min Jung Kim, Keun-Nam Kim and Sunmin Park
Antioxidants 2024, 13(4), 476; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox13040476 - 17 Apr 2024
Abstract
This study examined how consuming porcine brain enzyme hydrolysate (PBEH) affects the immune function and composition of the gut microbiota in an immunodeficient animal model. Male Wistar rats aged 6 weeks were fed casein (control), 100 mg/kg body weight (BW), red ginseng extract
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This study examined how consuming porcine brain enzyme hydrolysate (PBEH) affects the immune function and composition of the gut microbiota in an immunodeficient animal model. Male Wistar rats aged 6 weeks were fed casein (control), 100 mg/kg body weight (BW), red ginseng extract (positive-control), and 6, 13, and 26 mg PBEH per kg BW (PBEH-L, PBEH-M, and PBEH-H, respectively) daily for 4 weeks. At 30 min after consuming assigned compounds, they were orally administered cyclophosphamide (CTX; 5 mg/kg BW), an immunosuppressive agent, to suppress the immune system by inhibiting the proliferation of lymphocytes. The normal-control rats were fed casein and water instead of CTX. Natural killer cell activity and splenocyte proliferation induced by 1 μg/mL lipopolysaccharide were lower in the control group than the normal-control group, and they significantly increased with PBEH consumption, particularly at high doses. The PBEH consumption increased dose-dependently in the Th1/Th2 ratio compared to the control. The lipid peroxide contents were lower in the PBEH group than in the control group. Moreover, PBEH m and PBEH-H consumption mitigated white pulp cell damage, reduced red pulp congestion, and increased spleen mast cells in the histological analysis. Intestinal microbiota composition demonstrated differences between the groups at the genus levels, with Akkermansia being more abundant in the control group than the normal-control group and the PBEH-H group showing a decrease. However, Bifidobacterium decreased in the control group but increased in the PBEH-H group. The β-diversity revealed distinct microbial communities of PBEH and positive-control groups compared to the control group (p < 0.05). The metagenome predictions revealed that PBEH-H influenced amino acid metabolism, antioxidant defense, insulin sensitivity, and longevity pathways. In conclusion, PBEH-H intake boosted immune responses and reduced lipid peroxides by modulating gut microbiota composition. These findings suggest that PBEH-H has the potential as a dietary supplement for improving immune function and gut health in individuals with immunodeficiency.
Full article
Open AccessReview
Potential New Therapies “ROS-Based” in CLL: An Innovative Paradigm in the Induction of Tumor Cell Apoptosis
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Raffaele Sciaccotta, Sebastiano Gangemi, Giuseppa Penna, Laura Giordano, Giovanni Pioggia and Alessandro Allegra
Antioxidants 2024, 13(4), 475; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox13040475 - 17 Apr 2024
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Chronic lymphocytic leukemia, in spite of recent advancements, is still an incurable disease; the majority of patients eventually acquire resistance to treatment through relapses. In all subtypes of chronic lymphocytic leukemia, the disruption of normal B-cell homeostasis is thought to be mostly caused
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Chronic lymphocytic leukemia, in spite of recent advancements, is still an incurable disease; the majority of patients eventually acquire resistance to treatment through relapses. In all subtypes of chronic lymphocytic leukemia, the disruption of normal B-cell homeostasis is thought to be mostly caused by the absence of apoptosis. Consequently, apoptosis induction is crucial to the management of this illness. Damaged biological components can accumulate as a result of the oxidation of intracellular lipids, proteins, and DNA by reactive oxygen species. It is possible that cancer cells are more susceptible to apoptosis because of their increased production of reactive oxygen species. An excess of reactive oxygen species can lead to oxidative stress, which can harm biological elements like DNA and trigger apoptotic pathways that cause planned cell death. In order to upset the balance of oxidative stress in cells, recent therapeutic treatments in chronic lymphocytic leukemia have focused on either producing reactive oxygen species or inhibiting it. Examples include targets created in the field of nanomedicine, natural extracts and nutraceuticals, tailored therapy using biomarkers, and metabolic targets. Current developments in the complex connection between apoptosis, particularly ferroptosis and its involvement in epigenomics and alterations, have created a new paradigm.
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Open AccessArticle
S-Allylmercapto-N-Acetylcysteine (ASSNAC) Attenuates Osteoporosis in Ovariectomized (OVX) Mice
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Itay Bleichman, Sahar Hiram-Bab, Yankel Gabet and Naphtali Savion
Antioxidants 2024, 13(4), 474; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox13040474 - 17 Apr 2024
Abstract
Osteoporosis is a bone-debilitating disease, demonstrating a higher prevalence in post-menopausal women due to estrogen deprivation. One of the main mechanisms underlying menopause-related bone loss is oxidative stress. S-allylmercapto-N-acetylcysteine (ASSNAC) is a nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) activator
[...] Read more.
Osteoporosis is a bone-debilitating disease, demonstrating a higher prevalence in post-menopausal women due to estrogen deprivation. One of the main mechanisms underlying menopause-related bone loss is oxidative stress. S-allylmercapto-N-acetylcysteine (ASSNAC) is a nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) activator and cysteine supplier, previously shown to have anti-oxidation protective effects in cultured cells and animal models. Here, we studied the therapeutic potential of ASSNAC with and without Alendronate in ovariectomized (OVX) female mice. The experimental outcome included (i) femur and L3 lumbar vertebra morphometry via Micro-Computed Tomography (μCT); (ii) bone remodeling (formation vs. resorption); and (iii) oxidative stress markers in bone marrow (BM) cells. Four weeks after OVX, there was a significant bone loss that remained evident after 8 weeks, as demonstrated via µCT in the femur (cortical and trabecular bone compartments) and vertebra (trabecular bone). ASSNAC at a dose of 50 mg/Kg/day prevented bone loss after the four-week treatment but had no significant effect after 8 weeks, while ASSNAC at a dose of 20 mg/Kg/day significantly protected against bone loss after 8 weeks of treatment. Alendronate prevented ovariectomy-induced bone loss, and combining it with ASSNAC further augmented this effect. OVX mice demonstrated high serum levels of both C-terminal cross-linked telopeptides of type I collagen (CTX) (bone resorption) and procollagen I N-terminal propeptide (P1NP) (bone formation) after 2 weeks, and these returned to control levels after 8 weeks. Alendronate, ASSNAC and their combination decreased CTX and increased P1NP. Alendronate induced oxidative stress as reflected by decreased glutathione and increased malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, and combining it with ASSNAC partially attenuated these changes. These results portray the therapeutic potential of ASSNAC for the management of post-menopausal osteoporosis. Furthermore, ASSNAC ameliorates the Alendronate-associated oxidative stress, suggesting its potential to prevent Alendronate side effects as well as improve its bone-protective effect.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Free Radicals, Antioxidants and Oxidative Stress in Aging and Age-Related Diseases)
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Open AccessCommunication
Redox Regulation of Phosphatase and Tensin Homolog by Bicarbonate and Hydrogen Peroxide: Implication of Peroxymonocarbonate in Cell Signaling
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Vu Hoang Trinh, Jin-Myung Choi, Thang Nguyen Huu, Dhiraj Kumar Sah, Hyun-Joong Yoon, Sang-Chul Park, Yu-Seok Jung, Young-Keun Ahn, Kun-Ho Lee and Seung-Rock Lee
Antioxidants 2024, 13(4), 473; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox13040473 - 17 Apr 2024
Abstract
Phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) is a negative regulator of the phosphoinositide 3-kinases/protein kinase B (PI3K/AKT) signaling pathway. Notably, its active site contains a cysteine residue that is susceptible to oxidation by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). This oxidation inhibits the
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Phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) is a negative regulator of the phosphoinositide 3-kinases/protein kinase B (PI3K/AKT) signaling pathway. Notably, its active site contains a cysteine residue that is susceptible to oxidation by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). This oxidation inhibits the phosphatase function of PTEN, critically contributing to the activation of the PI3K/AKT pathway. Upon the stimulation of cell surface receptors, the activity of NADPH oxidase (NOX) generates a transient amount of H2O2, serving as a mediator in this pathway by oxidizing PTEN. The mechanism underlying this oxidation, occurring despite the presence of highly efficient and abundant cellular oxidant-protecting and reducing systems, continues to pose a perplexing conundrum. Here, we demonstrate that the presence of bicarbonate (HCO3−) promoted the rate of H2O2-mediated PTEN oxidation, probably through the formation of peroxymonocarbonate (HCO4−), and consequently potentiated the phosphorylation of AKT. Acetazolamide (ATZ), a carbonic anhydrase (CA) inhibitor, was shown to diminish the oxidation of PTEN. Thus, CA can also be considered as a modulator in this context. In essence, our findings consolidate the crucial role of HCO3− in the redox regulation of PTEN by H2O2, leading to the presumption that HCO4− is a signaling molecule during cellular physiological processes.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Reactive Oxygen Species in Different Biological Processes—Second Edition)
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Open AccessArticle
Tributyrin Supplementation Rescues Chronic–Binge Ethanol-Induced Oxidative Stress in the Gut–Lung Axis in Mice
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Anthony Santilli, David Shapiro, Yingchun Han, Naseer Sangwan and Gail A. M. Cresci
Antioxidants 2024, 13(4), 472; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox13040472 - 17 Apr 2024
Abstract
Excessive alcohol consumption increases the severity and worsens outcomes of pulmonary infections, often due to oxidative stress and tissue damage. While the mechanism behind this relationship is multifaceted, recent evidence suggests ethanol-induced changes to the gut microbiome impact the gut–lung axis. To assess
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Excessive alcohol consumption increases the severity and worsens outcomes of pulmonary infections, often due to oxidative stress and tissue damage. While the mechanism behind this relationship is multifaceted, recent evidence suggests ethanol-induced changes to the gut microbiome impact the gut–lung axis. To assess this, a chronic–binge ethanol feeding mouse model was used to determine how ethanol altered the gut microbiome, small intestinal epithelial barrier, and immune responses, as well as neutrophil abundance and oxidative stress in the lungs, and how supporting gut health with tributyrin supplementation during chronic–binge ethanol exposure affected these responses. We found that ethanol consumption altered gut bacterial taxa and metabolic processes, distorted small intestinal immune responses, and induced both bacteria and endotoxin translocation into the lymphatic and circulatory systems. These changes were associated with increased neutrophil (Ly6G) presence and markers of oxidative stress, lipocalin-2 and myeloperoxidase, in the lungs. Importantly, tributyrin supplementation during ethanol exposure rescued gut bacterial function (p < 0.05), small intestinal barrier integrity, and immune responses, as well as reducing both Ly6G mRNA (p < 0.05) and lipocalin-2 mRNA (p < 0.01) in the lungs. These data suggest ethanol-associated disruption of gut homeostasis influenced the health of the lungs, and that therapeutics supporting gut health may also support lung health.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Alcohol-Induced Oxidative Stress in Health and Disease)
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Open AccessCorrection
Correction: Abbas et al. Bioactive Compounds, Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory, Anti-Cancer, and Toxicity Assessment of Tribulus terrestris—In Vitro and In Vivo Studies. Antioxidants 2022, 11, 1160
by
Malik Waseem Abbas, Mazhar Hussain, Saeed Akhtar, Tariq Ismail, Muhammad Qamar, Zahid Shafiq and Tuba Esatbeyoglu
Antioxidants 2024, 13(4), 471; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox13040471 - 17 Apr 2024
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In the original publication [...]
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Open AccessReview
Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle Regulation of Metabolic Program, Redox System, and Epigenetic Remodeling for Bone Health and Disease
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Wei-Shiung Lian, Re-Wen Wu, Yu-Han Lin, Yu-Shan Chen, Holger Jahr and Feng-Sheng Wang
Antioxidants 2024, 13(4), 470; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox13040470 - 17 Apr 2024
Abstract
Imbalanced osteogenic cell-mediated bone gain and osteoclastic remodeling accelerates the development of osteoporosis, which is the leading risk factor of disability in the elderly. Harmonizing the metabolic actions of bone-making cells and bone resorbing cells to the mineralized matrix network is required to
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Imbalanced osteogenic cell-mediated bone gain and osteoclastic remodeling accelerates the development of osteoporosis, which is the leading risk factor of disability in the elderly. Harmonizing the metabolic actions of bone-making cells and bone resorbing cells to the mineralized matrix network is required to maintain bone mass homeostasis. The tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle in mitochondria is a crucial process for cellular energy production and redox homeostasis. The canonical actions of TCA cycle enzymes and intermediates are indispensable in oxidative phosphorylation and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) biosynthesis for osteogenic differentiation and osteoclast formation. Knockout mouse models identify these enzymes’ roles in bone mass and microarchitecture. In the noncanonical processes, the metabolites as a co-factor or a substrate involve epigenetic modification, including histone acetyltransferases, DNA demethylases, RNA m6A demethylases, and histone demethylases, which affect genomic stability or chromatin accessibility for cell metabolism and bone formation and resorption. The genetic manipulation of these epigenetic regulators or TCA cycle intermediate supplementation compromises age, estrogen deficiency, or inflammation-induced bone mass loss and microstructure deterioration. This review sheds light on the metabolic functions of the TCA cycle in terms of bone integrity and highlights the crosstalk of the TCA cycle and redox and epigenetic pathways in skeletal tissue metabolism and the intermediates as treatment options for delaying osteoporosis.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Genetics and Epigenetic Modifications on Metabolic Diseases Oxidative Related)
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Open AccessArticle
Antioxidant Activity and Mechanism of Action of Amwaprin: A Protein in Honeybee (Apis mellifera) Venom
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Bo-Yeon Kim, Kwang-Sik Lee and Byung-Rae Jin
Antioxidants 2024, 13(4), 469; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox13040469 - 17 Apr 2024
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Bee venom contains several bioactive components, including enzymatic and non-enzymatic proteins. There is increasing interest in the bioactive components of bee venom since they have exhibited various pharmacological effects. Recently, Apis mellifera waprin (Amwaprin) was identified as a novel protein in Apis mellifera
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Bee venom contains several bioactive components, including enzymatic and non-enzymatic proteins. There is increasing interest in the bioactive components of bee venom since they have exhibited various pharmacological effects. Recently, Apis mellifera waprin (Amwaprin) was identified as a novel protein in Apis mellifera (honeybee) venom and characterized as an antimicrobial agent. Herein, the novel biological function of Amwaprin as an antioxidant is described. In addition, the antioxidant effects of Amwaprin in mammalian cells were investigated. Amwaprin inhibited the growth of, oxidative stress-induced cytotoxicity, and inflammatory response in mammalian NIH-3T3 cells. Amwaprin decreased caspase-3 activity during oxidative stress and exhibited protective activity against oxidative stress-induced cell apoptosis in NIH-3T3 and insect Sf9 cells. The mechanism underlying the cell protective effect of Amwaprin against oxidative stress is due to its direct binding to the cell membrane. Furthermore, Amwaprin demonstrated radical-scavenging activity and protected against oxidative DNA damage. These results suggest that the antioxidant capacity of Amwaprin is attributed to the synergistic effects of its radical-scavenging action and cell shielding, indicating its novel role as an antioxidant agent.
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Open AccessArticle
18Beta-Glycyrrhetinic Acid Attenuates H2O2-Induced Oxidative Damage and Apoptosis in Intestinal Epithelial Cells via Activating the PI3K/Akt Signaling Pathway
by
Cui Ma, Fuxi Wang, Jiawei Zhu, Shiyi Wang, Yaqing Liu, Jianfang Xu, Qingyu Zhao, Yuchang Qin, Wei Si and Junmin Zhang
Antioxidants 2024, 13(4), 468; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox13040468 - 16 Apr 2024
Abstract
Oxidative stress causes gut dysfunction and is a contributing factor in several intestinal disorders. Intestinal epithelial cell survival is essential for maintaining human and animal health under oxidative stress. 18beta-Glycyrrhetinic acid (GA) is known to have multiple beneficial effects, including antioxidant activity; however,
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Oxidative stress causes gut dysfunction and is a contributing factor in several intestinal disorders. Intestinal epithelial cell survival is essential for maintaining human and animal health under oxidative stress. 18beta-Glycyrrhetinic acid (GA) is known to have multiple beneficial effects, including antioxidant activity; however, the underlying molecular mechanisms have not been well established. Thus, the present study evaluated the therapeutic effects of GA on H2O2-induced oxidative stress in intestinal porcine epithelial cells. The results showed that pretreatment with GA (100 nM for 16 h) significantly increased the levels of several antioxidant enzymes and reduced corresponding intracellular levels of reactive oxidative species and malondialdehyde. GA inhibited cell apoptosis via activating the phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/Akt) signaling pathway, as confirmed by RNA sequencing. Further analyses demonstrated that GA upregulated the phosphorylation levels of PI3K and Akt and the protein level of B cell lymphoma 2, whereas it downregulated Cytochrome c and tumor suppressor protein p53 levels. Moreover, molecular docking analysis predicted the binding of GA to Vasoactive intestinal peptide receptor 1, a primary membrane receptor, to activate the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. Collectively, these results revealed that GA protected against H2O2-induced oxidative damage and cell apoptosis via activating the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway, suggesting the potential therapeutic use of GA to alleviate oxidative stress in humans/animals.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Health Outcomes of Antioxidants and Oxidative Stress)
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Open AccessArticle
Inflammatory Cytokines and Chemokines Are Synergistically Induced in a ROS-Dependent Manner by a Co-Culture of Corneal Epithelial Cells and Neutrophil-like Cells in the Presence of Particulate Matter
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Zirui Zeng, Yasuhiro Yoshida, Duo Wang, Yuri Fujii, Mengyue Shen, Tatsuya Mimura and Yoshiya Tanaka
Antioxidants 2024, 13(4), 467; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox13040467 - 16 Apr 2024
Abstract
Ocular exposure to particulate matter (PM) causes local inflammation; however, the influence of neutrophils on PM-induced ocular inflammation is still not fully understood. In this study, we constructed a system to investigate the role of PM in ocular inflammation using a co-culture of
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Ocular exposure to particulate matter (PM) causes local inflammation; however, the influence of neutrophils on PM-induced ocular inflammation is still not fully understood. In this study, we constructed a system to investigate the role of PM in ocular inflammation using a co-culture of human corneal epithelial cells (HCE-T) and differentiation-induced neutrophils (dHL-60). To investigate whether HCE-T directly endocytosed PM, we performed a holographic analysis, which showed the endocytosis of PM in HCE-T. The cytokines and chemokines produced by HCE-T were measured using an ELISA. HCE-T treated with PM produced IL-6 and IL-8, which were inhibited by N-Acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC), suggesting the involvement of ROS. Their co-culture with dHL-60 enhanced their production of IL-6, IL-8, and MCP-1. This suggests an inflammatory loop involving intraocular corneal epithelial cells and neutrophils. These cytokines and chemokines are mainly regulated by NF-κB. Therefore, this co-culture system was examined in the presence of an IKK inhibitor known to downregulate NF-κB activity. The IKK inhibitor dramatically suppressed the production of these factors in co-culture supernatants. The results suggest that the inflammatory loop observed in the co-culture is mediated through ROS and the transcription factor NF-κB. Thus, the co-culture system is considered a valuable tool for analyzing complex inflammations.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oxidative Stress Induced by Air Pollution)
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Complexes of Soluble Dietary Fiber and Polyphenols from Lotus Root Regulate High-Fat Diet-Induced Hyperlipidemia in Mice
by
Zhan Zheng, Weilan Gao, Zhenzhou Zhu, Shuyi Li, Xueling Chen, Giancarlo Cravotto, Yong Sui and Lei Zhou
Antioxidants 2024, 13(4), 466; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox13040466 - 16 Apr 2024
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In this paper, complexes of soluble dietary fiber (SDF) and polyphenols (PPs) isolated from lotus roots were prepared (SDF-PPs), as well as physical mixtures (SDF&PPs), which were given to high-fat-diet (HFD)-fed mice. The results demonstrated that SDF-PPs improve lipid levels and reverse liver
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In this paper, complexes of soluble dietary fiber (SDF) and polyphenols (PPs) isolated from lotus roots were prepared (SDF-PPs), as well as physical mixtures (SDF&PPs), which were given to high-fat-diet (HFD)-fed mice. The results demonstrated that SDF-PPs improve lipid levels and reverse liver injury in hyperlipidemic mice. Western blotting and real-time quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-qPCR) results showed that SDF-PPs regulated liver lipids by increasing the phosphorylation of Adenine monophosphate activated protein kinase (AMPK), up-regulating the expression of Carnitine palmitoyltransferase1 (CPT1), and down-regulating the expression of Fatty acid synthase (FAS) and 3-hydroxy-3-methyl glutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA), as well as the transcription factor sterol-regulatory element binding protein (SPEBP-1) and its downstream liposynthesis genes. Additionally, the intervention of SDF-PPs could modulate the composition of intestinal gut microbes, inducing an increase in Lachnospiraceae and a decrease in Desulfovibrionaceae and Prevotellaceae in high-fat-diet-fed mice. Thus, the research provides a theoretical basis for the application of lotus root active ingredients in functional foods and ingredients.
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Biochelates from Spent Coffee Grounds Increases Iron Levels in Dutch Cucumbers but Affects Their Antioxidant Capacity
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Beatriz Navajas-Porras, Ana Cervera-Mata, Alejandro Fernández-Arteaga, Adriana Delgado-Osorio, Miguel Navarro-Moreno, Daniel Hinojosa-Nogueira, Silvia Pastoriza, Gabriel Delgado, Miguel Navarro-Alarcón and José Ángel Rufián-Henares
Antioxidants 2024, 13(4), 465; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox13040465 - 15 Apr 2024
Abstract
Spent coffee grounds (SCG) are a type of food waste and are produced in abundance around the world. However, their utilization as a soil organic amendment is challenging due to their phytotoxic effect. In the present work, the impact of agronomic biofortification on
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Spent coffee grounds (SCG) are a type of food waste and are produced in abundance around the world. However, their utilization as a soil organic amendment is challenging due to their phytotoxic effect. In the present work, the impact of agronomic biofortification on Dutch cucumbers was investigated using different chemically modified SCG and analyzing their effects on iron contents, their capacity for releasing antioxidants, and the production of short-chain fatty acids after in vitro digestion–fermentation. The results indicated variations in the iron contents and chemical compositions of cucumbers according to the treatment groups. Functionalized and activated hydrochar from SCG increased Fe levels in cucumbers. Although activated hydrochar obtained at 160 °C and functionalized with Fe showed the highest iron supply per serving, differences in antioxidant capacity and short-chain fatty acid production were observed between the groups. It is concluded that growing conditions and the presence of iron may significantly influence the contribution of these cucumbers to the dietary intake of nutrients and antioxidants, which could have important implications for human health and nutrition.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Insights into Phytochemical Antioxidants in Food—2nd Edition)
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Antioxidant Systematic Alteration Was Responsible for Injuries Inflicted on the Marine Blue Mussel Mytilus edulis Following Strontium Exposure
by
Zihua Cheng, Mengxue Xu, Qiyue Cao, Wendan Chi, Sai Cao, Zhongyuan Zhou and You Wang
Antioxidants 2024, 13(4), 464; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox13040464 - 14 Apr 2024
Abstract
The ionic properties of strontium (Sr), a significant artificial radionuclide in the marine environment, were estimated using a stable nuclide-substituting experimental system under controlled laboratory conditions. The bio-accumulation of Sr and its impacts, as well as any possible hidden mechanisms, were evaluated based
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The ionic properties of strontium (Sr), a significant artificial radionuclide in the marine environment, were estimated using a stable nuclide-substituting experimental system under controlled laboratory conditions. The bio-accumulation of Sr and its impacts, as well as any possible hidden mechanisms, were evaluated based on the physiological alterations of the sentinel blue mussel Mytilus edulis. The mussels were exposed to a series of stress-inducing concentrations, with the highest solubility being 0.2 g/L. No acute lethality was observed during the experiment, but sublethal damage was evident. Sr accumulated in a tissue-specific way, and hemolymph was the target, with the highest accumulating concentration being 64.46 µg/g wet weight (ww). At the molecular level, increases in the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA) and changes in ROS components (H2O2, O2−, and -OH) and antioxidant system activity indicated that the redox equilibrium state in hemocytes was disturbed. Furthermore, the rise in the hemocyte micronucleus (MN) rate (4‰ in the high-concentration group) implied DNA damage. At the cellular level, the structures of hemocytes were damaged, especially with respect to lysosomes, which play a crucial role in phagocytosis. Lysosomal membrane stability (LMS) was also affected, and both acid phosphatase (ACP) and alkaline phosphatase (AKP) activities were reduced, resulting in a significant decline in phagocytosis. The hemolymph population structure at the organ level was disturbed, with large changes in hemocyte number and mortality rate, along with changes in component ratios. These toxic effects were evaluated by employing the adverse outcome pathway (AOP) framework. The results suggested that the disruption of intracellular redox homeostasis is a possible explanation for Sr-induced toxicity in M. edulis.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antioxidants in Radiation Protection, Radiobiology and Radiation—2nd Edition)
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Multivariate Analysis of Biochemical Properties Reveals Diversity among Yardlong Beans of Different Origins
by
Yu-Mi Choi, Hyemyeong Yoon, Myoung-Jae Shin, Sukyeung Lee, Jungyoon Yi, Young-ah Jeon, Xiaohan Wang and Kebede Taye Desta
Antioxidants 2024, 13(4), 463; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox13040463 - 14 Apr 2024
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This study analyzed the nutrient levels, secondary metabolite contents, and antioxidant activities of 35 yardlong bean accessions from China, Korea, Myanmar, and Thailand, along with their key agronomic traits. Significant variations were found in all the parameters analyzed (p < 0.05). The
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This study analyzed the nutrient levels, secondary metabolite contents, and antioxidant activities of 35 yardlong bean accessions from China, Korea, Myanmar, and Thailand, along with their key agronomic traits. Significant variations were found in all the parameters analyzed (p < 0.05). The crude fiber (CFC), dietary fiber (DFC), total protein, and total fat contents varied from 4.10 to 6.51%, 16.71 to 23.49%, 22.45 to 28.11%, and 0.59 to 2.00%, respectively. HPLC analysis showed more than a 10-fold difference in vitamin C level (0.23 to 3.04 mg/g), whereas GC-FID analysis revealed the dominance of palmitic acid and linoleic acid. All accessions had high levels of total unsaturated fatty acids, which could help in preventing cardiovascular disease. Furthermore, total phenolic, tannin, and saponin contents ranged between 3.78 and 9.13 mg GAE/g, 31.20 and 778.34 mg CE/g, and 25.79 and 82.55 mg DE/g, respectively. Antioxidant activities like DPPH• scavenging, ABTS•+ scavenging, and reducing power (RP) ranged between 1.63 and 9.95 mg AAE/g, 6.51 and 21.21 mg TE/g, and 2.02, and 15.58 mg AAE/g, respectively. Days to flowering, total fat, palmitic acid, oleic acid, and TPC were significantly influenced by origin and genotype differences, while seeds per pod, one-hundred seeds weight, CFC, DFC, vitamin C, RP, and TSC were not affected by these factors. Multivariate analysis categorized the accessions into four clusters showing significant variations in most of the analyzed parameters. Correlation analysis also revealed significant relationships between several noteworthy parameters. Overall, this comprehensive analysis of biochemical factors revealed diversity among the different yardlong bean varieties. These findings could have practical applications in industries, breeding programs, and conservation efforts.
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Profile of Bioactive Components and Antioxidant Activity of Aronia melanocarpa Fruits at Various Stages of Their Growth, Using Chemometric Methods
by
Natalia Dobros, Agnieszka Zielińska, Paweł Siudem, Katarzyna Dorota Zawada and Katarzyna Paradowska
Antioxidants 2024, 13(4), 462; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox13040462 - 14 Apr 2024
Abstract
Aronia (chokeberry, Aronia melanocarpa) is a valuable fruit that combines the health benefits of green tea and red wine and is gaining popularity worldwide. Aronia has a unique chemical composition with strong antioxidant properties, including anthocyanins and chlorogenic acids (CGAs). However, it
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Aronia (chokeberry, Aronia melanocarpa) is a valuable fruit that combines the health benefits of green tea and red wine and is gaining popularity worldwide. Aronia has a unique chemical composition with strong antioxidant properties, including anthocyanins and chlorogenic acids (CGAs). However, it remains unclear which specific compounds or groups are primarily responsible for the antioxidant properties of chokeberry. Therefore, an analysis of the antioxidant properties of aronia berries based on geographical region and their variability during ripening (from green to frostbitten fruit) was conducted. The fruits were collected from three locations for two years. The aim of our work was to identify the compounds responsible for the antioxidant properties of aronia berry extracts by using chemometric methods. The analyses of anthocyanins and CGAs were performed using HPLC-DAD, and the antioxidant capacity was assessed by FRAP and DPPH methods. The PCA analysis also considered variations in temperature and precipitation. The chemometric analysis revealed a strong correlation between radical-scavenging properties and the content levels of chlorogenic acids. The results obtained in this study show that unripe green chokeberry fruits exhibit the highest antioxidant properties, which can be attributed to the high content of CGAs at this stage.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Antioxidants and Bioactive Compounds in Food from Agriculture to Health Benefits, 2nd Edition)
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